“A 2010 survey by Hope Consulting found that only 16% of American donors give according to calculations of impact. For most, giving is guided by seemingly irrational ties to the communities in which they live. They give to organizations that are recommended by friends; that reflect their religious beliefs; that have had an impact on them or their loved ones; or that provide visible evidence of change within their local community. Yet according to the effective altruist philosophy, these reasons for giving are intellectually lazy and morally deficient, hopelessly constricted by a parochial viewpoint.”